History of Hypnosis: A Journey Through Time
A glimpse into the roots of hypnosis through the ages and its evolution into the modern practice we know today.
The history of hypnosis is a fascinating journey that spans thousands of years. The practice has evolved over time, shaped by cultural beliefs, scientific discoveries, and the contributions of many individuals. While there are undoubtedly more pioneers who have played a role in its development, here I am sharing a brief exploration of the history of hypnosis based on what I have come across in my own journey as a hypnotherapist and a student of consciousness.
Ancient Roots: In the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, temples dedicated to sleep and healing served as the early epicenters of what we now recognize as hypnosis. In Egypt, sacred sleep temples employed rituals such as chanting and meditation to induce trance-like states, where individuals sought divine guidance and healing through dreams. These practices, though not yet understood in terms of modern hypnosis, laid the groundwork for future developments. Similarly, in Rome, similar healing rituals were practiced in sacred spaces, focusing on the mind-body connection. These ancient traditions anticipated the role of altered states of consciousness in promoting healing and personal growth (Kihlstrom, 2008).
Temples of Sleep and Healing: Among ancient cultures, the Greeks were particularly known for the Temple of Asclepius at Epidaurus, a revered site where individuals seeking healing and insight underwent transformative experiences. Patients would sleep within the temple, hoping for dreams or visions that were thought to offer divine guidance on their ailments and possible treatments. While the concept of hypnosis had not yet been defined, these rituals anticipated the role of altered states of consciousness in promoting healing and personal growth (Kihlstrom, 2008).
18th Century: Fast forward to the 18th century, where the modern history of hypnosis takes shape with the pioneering work of Franz Anton Mesmer. This Austrian physician introduced the concept of "animal magnetism," envisioning an invisible force that could be harnessed to facilitate healing. Mesmer's dramatic techniques, accompanied by music and ambiance, laid the groundwork for trance induction, despite later skepticism surrounding his theories (Braid, 1843).
19th Century: Enter James Braid, a Scottish surgeon whose contributions reshaped our understanding of hypnosis. Rejecting Mesmer's mystical notions, Braid coined the term "hypnosis," drawing from the Greek word for sleep, and emphasized the power of suggestion and concentration in inducing trance states. His work laid a solid foundation for the scientific study and application of hypnosis in the centuries to come (Lynn & Rhue, 1991).
Late 19th to Early 20th Century: Hypnosis gained recognition as a legitimate field of study, thanks in part to the efforts of the Nancy School led by Bernheim and Liébeault. Their research emphasized hypnosis as a natural state, paving the way for its integration into psychoanalytic practices, notably by the renowned Sigmund Freud. Meanwhile, figures like Milton H. Erickson pioneered innovative techniques that personalized the hypnotic experience, further expanding its therapeutic potential (Heap et al., 2004).
20th Century (Early): The 20th century witnessed the continued evolution of hypnosis, both as a therapeutic tool and a source of mainstream entertainment. Stage hypnotists captivated audiences with displays of suggestion-induced antics, further popularizing the practice—though sometimes perpetuating misconceptions. Yet, within therapeutic circles, hypnotherapy flourished, earning recognition in fields ranging from psychology to dentistry and sports performance (Barabasz & Watkins, 2005).
During this period, key figures contributed to the credibility and advancement of hypnosis. Dave Elman played a significant role in integrating hypnosis into medical and dental fields, particularly for pain management. Clark L. Hull conducted scientific research that helped establish hypnosis as a legitimate area of psychological study. Gil Boyne was recognized for his approach in traditional hypnotherapy, incorporating elements of Gestalt therapy to enhance its effectiveness.
Though she was not a hypnotist, I personally consider Florence Scovel Shinn as a pioneer in mindset transformation, as her work reflected many of the same principles found in hypnotherapy—especially the power of suggestion and belief in shaping reality. She was known for her work with affirmations and published her book, The Game of Life and How to Play It, in 1925.
A Timeless Quest: The Mind’s Infinite Potential
Today, hypnosis is widely recognized as a powerful complementary therapy, helping individuals create profound and lasting change. From overcoming phobias to managing chronic pain—and even being used as hypnotic anesthesia in surgery—hypnotherapy has proven its effectiveness across a vast range of applications. While misconceptions still linger, professional organizations and certifications uphold ethical standards, ensuring its safe and effective practice (Montgomery et al., 2002; Lynn & Kirsch, 2006).
Though hypnosis has gone by many names throughout history, its essence remains unchanged. Humanity has always been drawn to the mysteries of consciousness, seeking to unlock hidden potential and harness the mind’s power for healing and transformation. From ancient sleep temples to modern therapeutic techniques, hypnosis has endured because it speaks to something fundamental within us—the desire to evolve, to understand, and to break free from limitations.
As our understanding of the mind deepens, so too will the ways we harness hypnosis to heal and empower. Whether in psychology, health, or personal development, hypnosis continues to be a gateway to transformation. Its history stands as a testament to one enduring truth: the human mind is limitless, and the mind remains one of the most profound tools for unlocking its infinite potential.
References:
Barabasz, M., & Watkins, J. G. (2005). Hypnotherapeutic Techniques (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Braid, J. (1843). Neurypnology: or, the rationale of nervous sleep, considered in relation with animal magnetism. John Churchill.
Heap, M., Brown, R. J., & Oakley, D. A. (Eds.). (2004). The highly hypnotizable person: Theoretical, experimental and clinical issues. Routledge.
Kihlstrom, J. F. (2008). The domain of hypnosis, revisited. In M. R. Nash & A. J. Barnier (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Hypnosis: Theory, Research, and Practice (pp. 21–52). Oxford University Press.
Lynn, S. J., & Kirsch, I. (2006). Essentials of clinical hypnosis: An evidence-based approach. American Psychological Association.
Lynn, S. J., & Rhue, J. W. (1991). Theories of hypnosis: Current models and perspectives. Guilford Press.
Montgomery, G. H., David, D., Winkel, G., Silverstein, J. H., & Bovbjerg, D. H. (2002). The effectiveness of adjunctive hypnosis with surgical patients: A meta-analysis. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 94(6), 1639–1645.